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 Table of Contents  
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Year : 2017  |  Volume : 2  |  Issue : 1  |  Page : 7-13

Prevalence of dental caries in school going children of both urban and rural areas in Mahbubnagar district, Telangana state, (India): An epidemiological study


1 Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Mamata Dental College, Khammam, Telangana, India
2 Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, SVS Institute of Dental Sciences, Mahbubnagar, Telangana, India

Date of Web Publication2-May-2017

Correspondence Address:
Kola Srikanth Reddy
Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Mamata Dental College, Khammam, Telangana
India
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Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None


DOI: 10.4103/2468-8932.205468

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  Abstract 

Background: Dental caries is one of the most common oral problems affecting children globally involving the people of all region and society. It can be seen in all age groups of children involving both deciduous and permanent teeth. Dental caries is a lifetime disease, and the highest priority risk group is between 6 and 12 years of age. Aims: The aim of the study was to evaluate the prevalence of dental caries in both primary and permanent dentition among school-going children in Mahbubnagar district. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out in 2000 children in different areas of Mahbubnagar district in the age group of 6–12 years. The dental caries status was assessed by decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMFT)/dmft index using the World Health Organization criteria 1997. Collected data from each patient are subjected to statistical analysis to know the prevalence of dental caries. Results: Dental caries in both primary dentition and permanent dentition was 64.2% and 26.6%, respectively. The prevalence of dental caries in primary dentition was more in 7–8-year-old children and less in 11–12-year-old children (P > 0.05). The overall mean dmft score of both males and females is 1.49 ± 1.56; the overall mean DMFT score of both males and females is 0.57 ± 1.23. Conclusion: The present study showed that the frequency of caries was found to be higher in Northern region of Mahbubnagar. The dental caries was more in 7–8-year-old children and less in 11–12-year-old children whereas less in local villages of Mahbubnagar.

Keywords: Children, dental caries, India, prevalence, schools


How to cite this article:
Reddy KS, Rapala H, Kethineni B, Reddy H, Reddy A, Ravindhar P. Prevalence of dental caries in school going children of both urban and rural areas in Mahbubnagar district, Telangana state, (India): An epidemiological study. Int J Pedod Rehabil 2017;2:7-13

How to cite this URL:
Reddy KS, Rapala H, Kethineni B, Reddy H, Reddy A, Ravindhar P. Prevalence of dental caries in school going children of both urban and rural areas in Mahbubnagar district, Telangana state, (India): An epidemiological study. Int J Pedod Rehabil [serial online] 2017 [cited 2024 Mar 29];2:7-13. Available from: https://www.ijpedor.org/text.asp?2017/2/1/7/205468


  Introduction Top


Dental caries is an important dental public health problem and is also the most prevalent oral disease among children and adults in the world. The prevalence of dental caries was of great interest for long and is a principal subject of many epidemiological researches being carried out all over the world. This significant but a preventable public health problem interferes with normal food intake, speech, self-esteem, and routine activities affecting overall health status of the children. Dental caries is a multifactorial infectious microbial disease of the teeth that results in localized dissolution and destruction of the calcified tissues often resulting in cavitation.[1]

Dental caries is still a smoldering disease in the developing countries like India that has engrossed its tentacles deep into the regions where the resources are inadequate for dental treatment, lack of public awareness, and motivation with increased intake of carbohydrates.[2],[3] Low income, poor oral hygiene, mother's schooling, fluorosis, enamel defects, various measures of low socioeconomic status, low level of parental education, and cariogenic diet all affect caries risk.[4],[5]

The oral health of children 12 years old is the object of several epidemiological studies conducted around the world.[6] According to the World Health Organization (WHO, 2013),[7] the importance given to this age group is due to the fact that it is the age that children leave primary school. Thus, in many countries, the age of 12 years is the last age at which data can be easily obtained through a reliable sample of the school system. Moreover, it is possible that at this age, all the permanent teeth except third molars have already erupted. Thus, the age of 12 years was determined as the age of global monitoring of caries for international comparisons and monitoring of disease trends.

There is a high prevalence of dental caries all around the world involving the people of all region and society.[8] voluminous literature about exits about dental caries levels in Indian population.[9]

The current prevalence of dental caries in India is approximately 60-65 % which is increasing day by day.

Geographical location plays a great role in caries prevalence; it varies with the change in location. According to the National Oral Health Survey report 2004,[10] caries prevalence in India was 51.9%, 53.8%, and 63.1% at ages 5, 12, and 15 years in different parts of India, respectively. Of available literature from 1940 to 1960, the prevalence of dental caries in India showed a varied picture.[11],[12],[13] In spite of conflicting reports, it has been observed that during 1940, the prevalence of dental caries in India [14] was 55.5%, and during 1960, it was reported to be 68.4%.

Mahbubnagar district is a geographical area located in Telangana state at the border between Telangana and Karnataka. Majority of the people staying here belong to lower socioeconomic status. Telangana state has many areas which have high fluoride levels in drinking water and Mahbubnagar district is one among them where people are affected with both dental and skeletal fluorosis. No study showing the prevalence of dental caries has been carried out so far in this region; hence, a study was carried out with an aim to assess the prevalence of dental caries in 6–12-year-old school-going children of different regions of Mahbubnagar district.

The objectives of the study were to know the prevalence of dental caries in both primary and permanent dentition according to different age groups of children and also to suggest suitable preventive programs for the prevention of dental caries in this population.


  Materials and Methods Top


Study design

The sampling procedure involved multistage stratified sampling [15] where whole Mahbubnagar district is divided into 5 strata, namely, Mahbubnagar Central, Southern, Northern, Eastern, and Western. In each stratum, following areas were selected.

  • Mahbubnagar Central: Boyapalli, Jainallipur, Ramaiahbowli, Mettugadda
  • Mahbubnagar Southern part: Kollapur, Utkoor, Bijinapally, Wanaparthy
  • Mahbubnagar Eastern part: Kalwakurthy, Thadoor, Uppununthala, Kollur
  • Mahbubnagar Northern part: Kottur, Badepalli, Balanagar, Nawabpet
  • Mahbubnagar Western part: Kosgi, Narayanpet, Bommaraspet, Makthal.


In each area, one school was selected by simple random sampling (lottery) method and on the whole about twenty schools were selected from above-mentioned areas. Eligible children were selected randomly from a list obtained from school records. Age eligibility requires that the children fall into the appropriate age at the time of sampling.

Study population

Mahbubnagar district is spread over 18,432 km 2, located at 498 m altitude with a population of 4,042,191. It contains about 4 revenue divisions, 64 mandals, 1541 villages, 4 municipalities, and 4689 schools of which 3133 were primary schools, 889 were upper primary schools, 658 were high schools, and 9 were higher secondary schools.[16]

Study sample

A pilot study was carried out on 100 children, aged 6–12 years from one government and one public school to determine the feasibility of the study; depending on the prevalence obtained, 95% confidence level, and 5% allowable error, the sample size was determined to be 2000.

Research methodology

Data collection instrument included number of data types and different data collection instruments. It consisted of retrospective data collection and concurrent data.

Study questionnaire

During the examination of schoolchildren, a questionnaire was used to fill out personal data such as name, age, gender, occupation, income status of the parent, permanent address, oral hygiene methods, and diet chart. The draft of the questionnaire was reviewed by the panel of experts which included faculty members from pedodontics and preventive dentistry, public health dentistry, school teachers, head masters, and then finalized.

Measurement of dental caries

Dental caries was diagnosed using the decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMFT)/dmft Index (WHO; 1997).[17]

The inclusion and exclusion criteria were as follows.

Inclusion criteria

The tooth was considered carious (d component) if there was visible evidence of a cavity, including untreated dental caries. The missing (m component) included teeth with indications for extractions or teeth extracted due to caries. The filled (f component) included filled teeth.

Exclusion criteria

  • Early stages of dental caries, questionable lesions were excluded and considered as sound
  • Children with systemic diseases and on antibiotic therapy in the previous 6 months were excluded from the study.


Dental caries examination procedure

Clinical examination (ADA Type III) for dental caries was done according to dentition status using mouth mirror and community periodontal index probe. Standard infection control guidelines were applied. All the recordings were carried out in the daylight, and the child was made to sit in ordinary chair facing away from a direct sunlight.[17]

Before starting the study, ethical clearance was taken from the Ethical Committee of Institution, Mahbubnagar. An official permission was obtained from the district educational officer of Mahbubnagar. Informed consent was obtained from the respective school headmasters and parents of the children.

The examination was done by three dentists; they were assisted by three dental assistants over a period of 1 year for recording data. All six persons were trained prior and recording procedure was standardized by repeated sections of calibration between the examiner and chief supervisor in the Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, in the institution, Mahbubnagar, before starting the actual recording on children.

Training and calibration

Before the commencement of the study, training and intraexaminer calibration was done by the staff of the Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry in the school premises (κ =90%).

Data analysis

All data were entered into an SPSS (18) program (IBM corporation, Chicago, USA); both descriptive and analytic approaches were used in the data analysis. The association between prevalence of caries and gender was tested using the Chi-square test. The t-test was used to test the mean dmft and decayed, missing, and filled surface (dmfs) difference between groups. P< 0.05 was considered statistically significant.


  Results Top


Sample distribution according to age

[Table 1] shows the age group of the population ranges from 6 to 12 years with mean age of 10.5 years. Among a total population of 2000 children, 332 belong to the age group of 6–7 years, 236 belong to the age group of 8–9 years, 286 belong to the age group of 9–10 years, and 327 belong to the age group of 11–12 years. Of the population, 1021 are males and 979 are females. P value is 0.003 (<0.05), which is statistically significant.
Table 1: Sample distribution according to age and gender

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Sample distribution according to region

[Table 2] shows the Mahbubnagar district distributed in to 5 regions namely Central, Eastern, Western and Northern from each region 400 sample were selected.
Table 2: Sample distribution according to region

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Overall prevalence of dental caries in primary and permanent dentition based on age and gender

The [Table 3] indicates that from one to other age group the caries prevalence is dissimilar. The total caries prevalence in primary dentition, in males is 63.6%, in females is 65.1%. The caries free percentage in males is 36.4% and females is 34.8%. The total caries percentage in all gender is 64.2%.
Table 3: Percentage of children with caries and caries free

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The caries prevalence in permanent dentition in males is 26.2% in females is 73.5%. The total caries prevalence in both males and females is 26.6%. The total caries-free prevalence in both males and females is 73.5%. From one to other age group, the caries prevalence rate is dissimilar; it is statistically significant (P = 0.000, which is P< 0.01).

Prevalence of dental caries in primary dentition based on gender

The overall decayed, extracted, and filled teeth (deft) value for both males and females was 1.49 ± 1.56 and decayed, extracted, and filled surface value was 1.9% ±2.65%. The differences between males and females are statically not significant. The total numbers of males mean deft values are 1.51 ± 1.57; the mean deft values are 1.47 ± 1.54 [Graph 1].



Prevalence of dental caries in permanent dentition based on gender

The overall Mean DMFFT and DMFS values for both males and females were 0.57 ± 1.235, 0.65 ± 1.47. The difference between males &females were statistically significant. The total mean DMFT values in males are 0.610 ± 1.50, in females are 0.57 ± 1.28 [Graph 2].



Correlation of socioeconomic status with caries prevalence in primary dentition

[Table 4] indicates that higher deft values (1.49, 64.2%) were found in daily labor due to increased exposure of teeth to poor oral hygiene conditions.
Table 4: Correlation of socioeconomic status with caries prevalence in primary dentition

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Correlation of socioeconomic status with caries prevalence in permanent dentition

[Table 5] indicates that the mean DMFT was found 0.57 (26.6%).
Table 5: Correlation of socioeconomic status with caries prevalence in permanent dentition

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The total average number of sugar exposures with age-wise distribution

This [Table 6]: Indicates it is statistically significant with all age group. Except 8-9 years. The total mean for both males and females is 1.60 ± 1.50. The total mean values for sugar exposures in males are 1.50 ± 0.82, the total mean values for sugar exposure in females are1.70 ± 0.84.
Table 6: Total average number of sugar exposures

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  Discussion Top


Many studies [1],[2],[8],[9] have been conducted to identify the prevalence of caries in different parts of India. However, there have been relatively very few data reported in literature concerning the prevalence of dental caries among Mahbubnagar district children, particularly in mixed dentition period, so the present study was conducted in schoolchildren of 6–12 years.

In the present study, the prevalence of dental caries was higher in primary dentition (mean deft 1.49, 64.2%) when compared to permanent dentition (mean DMFT 0.57, 26.6%).

In the present study, higher dmft was found in the age group of 7–8 years; this could be explained on the basis of increased exposure of the teeth to poor oral hygiene conditions in comparison to that of the age group of 6–7 years, but DMFT was lesser in the age group of 11–12 years due to the presence of newly erupted permanent teeth. Similarly, the trend was reported by Sudha et al.[18]

In the present study, a low caries experience was seen in 12 years age group when compared to 6 years age group. Similar findings, i.e., caries decrease from 6 to 12 years age group, have been reported by many studies.[19],[20],[21],[22],[23] Dash et al.[24] observed a pattern in which carries was increasing from 5 to 8 years and subsequently decreased at 11 and 15 years. A study by Grewal et al.[25] reported that child population exhibited caries prevalence of more than 60% until the age of 11 years and showed a decline to 36% at the age of 12 years. Retnakumari [26] reported in her study that there was no increase in prevalence of caries as age increases (prevalence at 6 years was 67.5% and at 12 years 67.2%). However, some authors have also reported increased caries incidence with an increase in age.[27],[28] The reason behind this is high caries in 5 years could be that thickness of enamel in the deciduous teeth is less than that of permanent teeth being 1 mm and 2.5 mm, respectively.[21] Thinner enamel layer combined with a set of other factors, such as a diet higher in sugars and/or the inability of a younger child to properly brush their teeth on their own,[29] cumulates the effect. Lower calcium content of deciduous teeth and structural differences [20],[30] may increase caries susceptibility in deciduous teeth [20] along with lack of preventive measures.[30] Another reason could be that the WHO index does not record incipient caries but records only when the caries involves dentin, resulting in slight underestimation of caries in 12-year age group.

In the present study, in the permanent dentition, 11–12-year-old children had more caries (mean DMFT 1.32, mean DMFS 1.43). Moreover, less caries was found in age group of 6–7 years (mean dmft 0.27, mean dmfs 0.34). The reason behind this is the presence of less number of permanent teeth at the age group of 6–7 years when compared to age group of 11–12 years.

In the present study, the prevalence of dental caries was high in the low socioeconomic status because of their poor oral hygiene practice, lack of awareness, improper food intake, and family status. This finding is similar to the study conducted by Moses et al.[26],[31] Recent studies from Europe demonstrate a significant inverse association between social class and oral health status in young children. The North Brisbane study supports these findings by confirming that preschool children from a lower socioeconomic background also more active decay and more missing teeth from previous disease compared with children from higher socioeconomic status levels.

The strongest correlation between sugar consumption and caries development was seen when international data are compared. In a study by Sreebny,[32] data on sugar supplied in various countries and data on caries prevalence obtained from WHO for 6-year-old children in 23 nations and 12-year-old children in 47 nations showed that the availability of <50 g sugar/persons/day in a country was always associated with dmft or DMFT scores of <3.

Similar findings were reported by Gustafsson et al.,[33] Winter et al.,[34] and Shetty and Tandon.[35] However, McDonald found no significant relationship between sugar consumption and caries prevalence. In this study, a highly significant relation was found between sugar consumption and socioeconomic status. Similar findings were reported by Blinkhorn et al.[36] who stated that in deposited areas, mothers were more likely to give continuous sugar to children throughout that day, increasing the daily sugar consumption.

In the present study it was seen that the prevalence of dental caries in children has been found to be 64.2%. Similar observation was made in Vidarbha region in central India was found to be 65.70%.[37]

However, a cross-sectional study conducted in Bundelkhand region, of India,[38] reported a much higher prevalence of dental caries (82.62%) in 3–14 years age group when compared to the present study. The prevalence of caries in our study was higher in boys than girls. Similar findings were reported by Moses et al. and Joshi et al.[31],[39] The increased prevalence of caries in the boys may be due to the marked preference for the sons, which manifest in preferential feeding compared to daughters and due to snacking habit among boys during the longer outside stay.[31]

The present study reported the mean DMFT/dmft of 3.2 which is much higher than the WHO (oral health goals 2010) target of mean DMFT/dmft of 1.5.[40] The high mean DMFT/dmft reported could be the reflection of low economic status in rural region of Mahbubnagar district.


  Conclusion Top


Our data show a high prevalence of dental caries among 7–8-year-old schoolchildren from low socioeconomic status background in both urban and rural areas of Mahbubnagar district. These data may be of importance in the evaluation of the past and planning of future oral health prevention and treatment programs targeting young children in primary schools. A comprehensive community-focused oral health-care intervention that includes oral health education in elementary schools and homes is recommended to increase general oral health awareness.

Limitations

As this study is cross-sectional, it measures cause and effect at the same point in time, introducing the problem of temporal ambiguity and inability in establishing a causal relationship. Risk factors for dental caries, socioeconomic status, and oral hygiene behaviors should be assessed along with the prevalence of dental caries.

Recommendation

  1. Implementation of preventive school dental health programs
  2. Mobile dental clinic services can be implemented to the residential schoolchildren
  3. These trained and motivated school teachers can further be made responsible for implementing these programs in the schools on a regular basis
  4. Primaray oral health care system should be strengthen in this region.


Financial support and sponsorship

Nil.

Conflicts of interest

There are no conflicts of interest.

 
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    Tables

  [Table 1], [Table 2], [Table 3], [Table 4], [Table 5], [Table 6]


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4 Frequency of dental caries in 1-5 years aged children and its impact on their quality of life
Aqsa Batool, Tallat Anwar Faridi , Muhammad Saleem Rana, Ishrat Perveen, Waqas Arshad Mughal
Pakistan BioMedical Journal. 2021; 4(2)
[Pubmed] | [DOI]



 

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