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 Table of Contents  
REVIEW ARTICLE
Year : 2016  |  Volume : 1  |  Issue : 2  |  Page : 75-78

Crowns for primary anterior teeth


Department of Pedodontics, Saveetha Dental College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India

Date of Web Publication22-Dec-2016

Correspondence Address:
Joshua Ng Chor Yang
Saveetha Dental College, 162, Poonamallee Highroad, Velappanchavadi, Chennai - 600 077, Tamil Nadu
India
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Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None


DOI: 10.4103/2468-8932.196491

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  Abstract 

Esthetic rehabilitation of anterior teeth in young children is a common sight in a dental clinic. Most of these young children report with rampant caries, nursing bottle caries, and fractured tooth due to trauma in the anterior region or even cases of dental caries. A major component while restoring anterior teeth is esthetics, being an important factor, especially in children as it affects their self-esteem and confidence. Also, in children, it can be challenging due to the smaller size of tooth, larger pulp chambers, and not-to-mention issues related to child behavior. Over the years, many types of crowns have been developed and advanced to aid the clinician in rehabilitating deciduous anterior teeth.

Keywords: Anterior, crowns, deciduous, pedodontics, primary


How to cite this article:
Yang JN, Mani G. Crowns for primary anterior teeth. Int J Pedod Rehabil 2016;1:75-8

How to cite this URL:
Yang JN, Mani G. Crowns for primary anterior teeth. Int J Pedod Rehabil [serial online] 2016 [cited 2024 Mar 29];1:75-8. Available from: https://www.ijpedor.org/text.asp?2016/1/2/75/196491


  Introduction Top


Esthetic rehabilitation of badly decayed primary anterior teeth is a challenging task. A clinician needs to restore the tooth esthetically and also manage a young child's temperament in a clinic. Due to their young age and still developing cognitive skills, it is very hard to presume that a child is going to be the most cooperative in a dental clinic. The most common condition that affects a child's anterior teeth is due to dental caries seen in the form of nursing bottle caries. It is usually detected in children from 18 to 36 months. [1] The restoration for anterior primary teeth needs to be durable, esthetically pleasing, retentive, and strong as it is need for a duration of approximately 8 years until the primary teeth begin to shed.

Anterior teeth are used to be treated with primarily preformed polycarbonate crowns, acid-etched resin crowns, and stainless steel crowns. [2],[3],[4],[5],[6] However, each came with their own set of advantages and disadvantages which brings us the development of newer type of crowns to replace primary anterior teeth.


  Crowns for Primary Teeth Top


There are generally two-ways of classifying crowns used to restore primary teeth. Based on its method of cementation, it is classified into cemented crowns and bonded crowns. Based on its material, it may be classified into polymer crowns, preveneered stainless steel crowns, zirconia crowns, and aluminum veneered with tooth-colored material crowns. [7]


  Cemented Crowns Top


Stainless steel crowns

Stainless steel crowns [Figure 1] are one of the earliest crowns used in dentistry to restore teeth. [8] Introduced by the Rocky Mountain Company in 1947 and popularized by W. P. Humphrey in 1950, they have proved to have high strength, durability, and wear resistance. However, they are highly unesthetic due to its color. [8] Two modifications of these types of crowns are the resin-veneered stainless steel crowns and the facial cut-out stainless steel crowns. Facial cut-out stainless steel crowns or open faced stainless steel crowns have composite material substituted in the facial surface of the crown to prevent the unsightly silver color of steel. Although composite is placed anteriorly, the metal margins are still seen and the procedure to fabricate the crown is time consuming. Resin-veneered stainless steel crowns, on the other hand, have thermoplastisized composite resin bonded to the metal. Examples of these types of crowns are the Cheng crowns, Kinder Krowns, NuSmile, Whiter Biter, Pedo Compu crowns, and Dura crowns.
Figure 1: Stainless steel crowns

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Cheng crowns

Cheng crowns are developed by Peter Cheng in the year 1982. They are stainless steel crowns faced with composite, mesh-based with a light-cured composite. They can be used for all anterior and posterior teeth. Cheng crowns have desirable properties such as color stability, plaque resistance, and can undergo heat sterilization without affecting its bond strength and color. [9] It can also be delivered to the child in a single visit. However, they are very costly and during crimping, they often fracture.

There are two variants which are the classic crowns [10] and the zirconia crowns. [11] The classic crowns [Figure 2] have a resin veneered to a stainless steel coping while the zirconia crown [Figure 3] is a precision-milled monolithic ceramic crown which is virtually indestructible. While zirconia crowns are not crimpable like the classic crowns, they are precrimped to give a crimplock retentive margin to give a more natural emergence profile. Zirconia crowns have to be sterilized by autoclave while the classic crowns have to be cold sterilized.
Figure 2: Classic Cheng crowns

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Figure 3: Zirconia Cheng crowns

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Dura crowns

Dura crowns are made of a high-density polyethylene veneered crown.

Dura crowns have the advantage of higher retention compared to nonveneered crowns when cement and crimping are combined. [12] These crowns can be crimped labially, lingually, and can be trimmed with crown scissors and festooned. It also has a full knife edge.

Kinder Krowns

Kinder Krowns were introduced in 1989 and are known for offering the most natural shades and contour for the patient. Kinder Krowns aims to provide the most natural, lifelike, and anatomically correct crown as possible. They have a highly characterized incisal edge, scientifically developed shades, and finely feathered margins. The finely feathered margins help create an esthetic emergence profile. These crowns are available for anterior and posterior teeth and they come as zirconia Kinder Krowns or a preveneered Kinder crown. Zirconia Kinder Krowns have an internal retention system in the form of retention bands which locks the restoration to the tooth after cementation. These retention bands also increase the total surface area for the cement to bond to both the tooth structure and the crown. The preveneered crowns are less time consuming to use and comparatively less technique sensitive. It has a strengthened stainless steel crown with feathered margins. It comes in two different lengths which is the regular length and short length for clinicians to choose based on their tooth preparations. The shades offered for the preveneered Kinder Krowns are Pedo 2 and Pedo 1 shade. Pedo 1 is a lighter-bleached shade compared to Pedo 2 while Pedo 2 gives a more natural look compared to the Pedo 1 shade. It has a universal contour, whereby the clinician is able to decide to make the crown a left or right by selectively rounding off the mesial or distal corner. Also, it has an incisal lock for better bonding and retention.

Pedo pearls

Pedo pearls resemble stainless steel crowns but are coated with tooth-colored epoxy paint and they are made of aluminum instead. Aluminum is used because it bonds more effectively to epoxy paint but they are relatively softer and may cause the epoxy paint to wear off in areas of heavy occlusion. Although they are easy to cut and crimp without peeling and chipping, they are quite soft and not as durable. [13]

NuSmile crowns

NuSmile crowns [14] are introduced in the year 1991 [Figure 4]. They are also made of stainless steel with an even more natural appearing tooth-colored coating. They are indicated for full-coverage restorations when a crown is needed for durability and to protect remaining tooth structure. They come in two styles which are the NuSmile Signature and NuSmile ZR. The NuSmile Signature crowns are anatomically correct with a natural tooth-colored coating which is an alternative to the traditional stainless steel and composite strip crowns. NuSmile ZR, on the other hand, is made from a high-grade monolithic zirconia ceramic which offers superior esthetic and durability compared to the NuSmile Signature. NuSmile crowns come in a universal style where the anterior crowns are fabricated with both point angles slightly square. The clinician may round off either angles to make it a right- or left-sided crown. They come in extra light or light pedo shade. Light crowns are comparatively more yellow compared to the original pedo shade.
Figure 4: NuSmile crowns

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Whiter Biter crowns

These crowns have a polymeric coating with polyester/epoxy hybrid composition. [13] Although the coating is thin, it does not peel or chip easily.

Pedo Compu crowns

Pedo Compu crowns are also stainless steel crowns which a high-quality composite facing and mesh based with a light-cured composite crown. Like Cheng crowns, they are also plaque resistant and have good color stability. [15]

EZ Pedo crowns

EZ Pedo crowns were developed by Dr. Jeffrey P. Fisher and Dr. John P. Hansen. They are metal-free prefabricated crowns which are made of zirconia. They have superior esthetics, strength, durability, and are completely bioinert. It is also resistant to decay and plaque accumulation. EZ Pedo crowns is constructed with a Zir-Lock ® ultrafeature which functions to increase the internal surface area to increase bonding. This is because zirconia does no flex, so inherently there will be areas in the subgingival margin where the crowns are open. The Zir-Lock ® ultrafeature basically provides mechanical undercuts that lock the crown in place and helps to retain cement at the crown margins to prevent cement loss, prevent microleakage, and also to keep harmful bacteria out. In addition to the in-built retention, then crowns are also treated with aluminum oxide blasting for additional adhesion properties.

Pedo natural crowns

Pedo natural crowns are made of polycarbonate material and offer advantages such as higher flexibility, high durability with superior marginal integrity, and high tensile strength.


  Bonded Crowns Top


Polycarbonate crowns

Polycarbonate crowns [16] are another type of preformed full-coverage crowns which are made of heat-molded acrylic resin [Figure 5]. Polycarbonate preformed crowns are thinner and more flexible compared to acrylic resin crowns, making them easily adaptable to a prepared tooth. It has better esthetics, easy to trim, and can be adjusted with pliers. However, it has poor retention and its placement is difficult. These crowns are not advised to be used in cases where remaining tooth structure is insufficient for retention, bruxism, crowding, and overbites. Hence, these crowns are rarely used today.
Figure 5: Polycarbonate crowns

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Strip crowns

3M TM ESPE TM Strip Crown Forms [17] are prefabricated transparent celluloid crowns forms for anterior teeth [Figure 6]. They are first introduced in 1979 by Webber et al. and today remains to be one of the most commonly used crown forms. The crown automatically contours the restorative material and when it is stripped off, it leaves a smooth surface, so no polishing is needed. The crown forms are filled with composite and then bonded to the tooth. Although esthetically they are better, its retention is dependent on the amount of tooth structure remaining after excavation of caries. Because resin composite is used, moisture and hemorrhage control is important as it can lead to resin placement failure. [18] They come in 16 different sizes. The crown forms are made only for primary upper left and right central and lateral incisors and for each of these teeth, they come in four different sizes.
Figure 6: Strip crowns

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Pedo Jacket

Pedo Jacket crowns are introduced by Space Maintainers Laboratory, USA. The Pedo Jacket crown is made of a copolyester material in the natural primary tooth color shade A2. A important advantage of using Pedo Jacket crowns is that the tooth color polyester "jacket" which is filled with resin will be left on the tooth instead of removing it like a strip crown after polymerization. It is flexible and its length can be trimmed with scissors but not with high speed bur. This is the only flexible or soft crown option compared to the other crowns available on the market. Polishing is not required as the margins are finished before polymerization by removing excess material with a hand instrument. However, only a single size and shade is available, so shade matching with adjacent tooth will be a potential problem. Also, they exhibit wear in areas of heavy occlusion and they do not have good color stability. The most common failure seen is when the Pedo Jacket shell is stripped from the filling material with the filling material still attached to the tooth.

New Millennium crowns

These crowns are very similar to the Pedo Jacket and strip crowns except that they are made of a laboratory-enhanced composite resin material. They are very esthetic and unlike Pedo Jacket crowns, they can be finished and trimmed with high-speed bur. They are also filled with resin and bonded to the tooth. [19],[20],[21]

Artglass ® Pedo crowns

Artglass ® Pedo crowns are introduced by Glasstech Inc., and they are made of bifunctional and multifunctional methacrylates forming a cross-linked three-dimensional polymer. These cross-linked polymers are termed as "organic glasses" which mimics the natural feel, bondability, and kindness associated with composite but with esthetics comparable to porcelain. The unique filler materials which are microglass and silica in glasstech are to provide greater durability and esthetics compared to composite strip crowns. Failures in these crowns are due to bond failures. [20]


  Conclusion Top


There are a wide range of options that can be used to rehabilitate carious primary anterior teeth. Each of which comes with its own advantages. Thus, the choice of material is dependent on the clinicians preference, skill, and esthetic and functional demands of the child.

Financial support and sponsorship

Nil.

Conflicts of interest

There are no conflicts of interest.

 
  References Top

1.
Tinanoff N, O′Sullivan DM. Early childhood caries: Overview and recent findings. Pediatr Dent 1997;19:12-6.  Back to cited text no. 1
    
2.
Mink JR, Hill CJ. Crowns for anterior primary teeth. Dent Clin North Am 1973;17:85-92.  Back to cited text no. 2
    
3.
Webber DL, Epstein NB, Wong JW, Tsamtsouris A. A method of restoring primary anterior teeth with the aid of a celluloid crown form and composite resins. Pediatr Dent 1979;1:244-6.  Back to cited text no. 3
    
4.
Grosso FC. Primary anterior strip crowns: A new technique for severely decayed anterior primary teeth. J Pedod 1987;11:375-84.  Back to cited text no. 4
    
5.
Croll TP. Bonded composite resin crowns for primary incisors: Technique update. Quintessence Int 1990;21:153-7.  Back to cited text no. 5
    
6.
Waggone WF. Restorative dentistry for the primary dentition. In: Pinkham JR, editor. Pediatric Dentistry: Infancy through Adolescence. 2 nd ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Co.; 1994. p. 298-325.  Back to cited text no. 6
    
7.
Anuradha K, Bargale S, Shah S, Ardeshana A. Esthetic crowns in primary dentition - Reestablishing the innocent smile. J Adv Med Dent Sci Res 2015;3:46-52.  Back to cited text no. 7
    
8.
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9.
Lee JK. Restoration of primary anterior teeth: Review of the literature. Pediatr Dent 2002;24:506-10.  Back to cited text no. 9
    
10.
Pediatric Stainless Steel Crowns | Cheng Crowns; 2016. Available from: https://www.chengcrowns.com/stainless-steel-pediatric-crowns. [Last cited on 2016 Sep 13].  Back to cited text no. 10
    
11.
Pediatric Zirconia Crowns | Cheng Crowns; 2016. Available from: http://www.chengcrowns.com/zirconia-pediatric-crowns. [Last cited on 2016 Sep 13].  Back to cited text no. 11
    
12.
Yilmaz Y, Guler C. Evaluation of different sterilization and disinfection methods on commercially made preformed crowns. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent 2008;26:162-7.  Back to cited text no. 12
[PUBMED]  Medknow Journal  
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Babaji P. Crowns in Pediatric Dentistry. 1 st ed. New Delhi: Jaypee Publishers; 2015.  Back to cited text no. 13
    
14.
NuSmile ZR. Zirconium Milk Front Tooth Crown Extra Light; 2016. Available from: http://www.kinderdent.com/nusmile-zr-milchfrontzahnkronen-extra-light-zum-nachbestellen.html. [Last cited on 2016 Sep 13].  Back to cited text no. 14
    
15.
Sahana S, Vasa AA, Ravichandra SK, Vijaya Prasad KE. Esthetic crowns for primary teeth: A review. Ann Essence Dent 2010;2:87-93.  Back to cited text no. 15
    
16.
3M ESPE Dental: Polycarbonate Crown; 2016. Available from: http://www.products3.3m.com/.../command_AbcPageHandler/output_html. [Last cited on 2016 Sep 13].  Back to cited text no. 16
    
17.
Strip Crowns | Miami Dental Supply - Miami Dental Supplies Supply; 2016. Available from: http://www.dentalacegroup.com/69-strip-crown. [Last cited on 2016 Sep 13].  Back to cited text no. 17
    
18.
Kupietzky A, Waggoner WF, Galea J. The clinical and radiographic success of bonded resin composite strip crowns for primary incisors. Pediatr Dent 2003;25:577-81.  Back to cited text no. 18
    
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Yanover L. The Artglass primary anterior esthetic crown. J Southeast Soc Pediatr Dent 1999;5:10-2.  Back to cited text no. 19
    
20.
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21.
Updyke J, Sneed WD. Placement of a preformed indirect resin composite shell crown: A case report. Pediatr Dent 2001;23:243-4.  Back to cited text no. 21
    


    Figures

  [Figure 1], [Figure 2], [Figure 3], [Figure 4], [Figure 5], [Figure 6]


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  In this article
Abstract
Introduction
Crowns for Prima...
Cemented Crowns
Bonded Crowns
Conclusion
References
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