• Users Online: 2154
  • Home
  • Print this page
  • Email this page
Home About us Editorial board Ahead of print Current issue Search Archives Submit article Instructions Subscribe Contacts Login 


 
 Table of Contents  
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Year : 2017  |  Volume : 2  |  Issue : 1  |  Page : 14-18

Evaluation of effectiveness of dental apps in management of child behaviour: A pilot study


Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, KLE University, KLE VK Institute of Dental Sciences, Belagavi, Karnataka, India

Date of Web Publication2-May-2017

Correspondence Address:
Niraj S Gokhale
Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, KLE University, KLE VK Institute of Dental Sciences, Belagavi, Karnataka
India
Login to access the Email id

Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None


DOI: 10.4103/ijpr.ijpr_5_17

Rights and Permissions
  Abstract 

Background: We see children from all age groups, be it a toddler to a teenager, stuck up to the mobile phone playing interactive games or even browsing internet entertainment holds a major share in the field of mobile applications, be it from listening to music or playing online games. However, very little has happened in favor of pediatric dentistry or even educating the patients about the procedures of their treatment which can help reduce their fear or apprehension. Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of dental apps in the management of child's anxiety and behavior. Materials and Methods: Sixty children (24 girls and 36 boys) were made to use mobile dental app called “My Little Dentist” developed by Tenlogix Games available on the Google Play Store on the android platform of the smartphones. Their anxiety levels were noted before and after playing the game using the face imaging scale. Results: The results were found to be highly significant; 86.67% patients turned from a negative to positive behavior, 11.67% from positive to definitely positive, and 1.67% from definitely negative to negative according to Frankl's behavior rating scale. Conclusion: The mobile dental app was found to be very useful in the dental setup to reduce the fear and anxiety of the pediatric patients.

Keywords: Children, dental anxiety, dental app


How to cite this article:
Patil VH, Vaid K, Gokhale NS, Shah P, Mundada M, Hugar SM. Evaluation of effectiveness of dental apps in management of child behaviour: A pilot study. Int J Pedod Rehabil 2017;2:14-8

How to cite this URL:
Patil VH, Vaid K, Gokhale NS, Shah P, Mundada M, Hugar SM. Evaluation of effectiveness of dental apps in management of child behaviour: A pilot study. Int J Pedod Rehabil [serial online] 2017 [cited 2024 Mar 29];2:14-8. Available from: https://www.ijpedor.org/text.asp?2017/2/1/14/205472


  Introduction Top


The first dental visit is crucial in the formation of the child's attitude toward dentistry and future treatment success.[1] Dental appointment is a stressful situation, which raises children's anxiety level and avoidance behavior. Children's dental anxiety is an intense but situational and transient anxiety. If it is not managed, it will possibly continue to adulthood.[2]

Several communicative, advanced, and pharmacological interventions have been developed to manage children's anxious and cooperative behavior. The most commonly used techniques by dentists to manage child's anxiety/fear and even in some cases reluctant or resilient behaviors are tell-show-do method, modeling, and positive or negative reinforcements.

Tell-show-do technique, introduced by Addelston in 1959, remains the cornerstone of behavior management techniques (BMTs), which is commonly used by pediatric dentists in the management of children's anxiety at a pretreatment visit. It dictates that before anything is done, the child be told what will be done and then shown by some sort of simulation exactly what will happen before the procedure is started. Tell-show-do technique is based on the principle of learning theory and is performed by the dentists themselves in the operatory.[3],[4]

Modeling refers to learning by observation and children may reproduce behavior exhibited by the model in the same situation.[3] Modeling can be performed in two forms: Live or filmed one. Studies on modeling have demonstrated its therapeutic effect in the management of anxiety [5],[6] and educational effect in improving coping skills of children in stressful situations.[7] Filmed modeling does not take time by the dentist and dental team although it has not achieved its proper situation. Live models such as peers, siblings, or parents are used for preappointment teaching of the expected behavior to the child patient.[8],[9],[10] Several studies have evaluated the efficiency of the modeling through a film in the reduction of child's dental anxiety.[11],[12],[13],[14],[15],[16],[17]

With the advancement in technology, a standard mobile device has gone from being no more than a simple two-way pager to being a mobile phone, GPS navigation device, an embedded web browser and instant messaging client, and a handheld game console. It is generally seen that children from all the age groups, be it a toddler to a teenager, stuck up to the mobile phone playing interactive games or even browsing internet. Today, we have an app for possibly everything. However, very little has happened in favor of pediatric dentistry or even educating the patients about the procedures of their treatment which can help reduce their fear or apprehension. On search of the literature, no studies could be found on the management of pediatric patients using dental apps. Thus, with these existing lacunae, this study is an attempt to evaluate the effectiveness of dental apps in the management of child's anxiety and behavior.


  Materials and Methods Top


After obtaining the ethical clearance from the Institutional Review Board and written informed consent and assent, sixty children (24 girls, 36 boys) in the age group of 8–12 years who attended the dental clinic for the first time and fulfilled the inclusion criteria were randomly selected from the Outpatient Department of Pedodontics and Preventive. Sixty children were enrolled into the study which was calculated according to the formula:[18] , where the confidence was 0.95, the probability being 0.06. The sample size obtained was 49; however, considering the dropouts, a sample size was taken as 60 in the study. To rule out the bias, all the children enrolled into the study needed the same kind of treatments. The children who had reported with pain were not considered for the study. The parents/guardians were questioned on their child's anxiety using Corah's dental anxiety scale. In this study, we used a mobile dental app called “My Little Dentist” developed by Tenlogix Games available on the Google Play Store on the android and iOS platform of the smartphones [Figure 1]. The app gave the patients an idea as to what would be the nature of their treatment in an interactive manner. The patients were virtually made dentists and were made to do patients in the app that included extractions, scaling, filling and were taken into confidence and how atraumatically and painlessly a dental procedure could be performed was shown to the child [Figure 2]. The children were made to make use of the app and perform virtual dental treatments. The anxiety levels were noted before and after using the app using the face imaging scale; furthermore, Frankl behavior of the patients was also noted along with the other scales and was recorded into a standardized form.
Figure 1: The dental app.

Click here to view
Figure 2: The patient being made to use the app.

Click here to view


Dental procedures were then clinically performed on the same day by a single operator after making sure that the patient is completely satisfied and confident about the dental procedures that were needed to be performed.


  Results Top


The data obtained were entered into a standardized form and were statistically analyzed using SPSS version 21.0 (IBM SPSS Statistics 21, SPSS South Asia, Bangalore, India). Paired t-test was applied for comparison of pre and post scores of face imaging scale where P = 0.0000*, t = 21.876 which was statistically significant where P value was set at 0.05 [Figure 3]. The scale applied before playing the game showed that 10% of the children had mild symptoms, 85% showed moderate symptoms, and only 5% had severe symptoms of anxiety [Graph 1]. Postface imaging scales showed that the patients shifted mostly to mild symptoms (56.7%) or no symptoms of anxiety at all (38.3%) [Graph 2]; the results were found to be highly significant. Furthermore, behavior of the patients was examined and the data showed that 86.67% patients turned from a negative to positive Frankl behavior, 11.67% from positive to definitely positive, and 1.67% from definitely negative to negative. When the difference in gender was considered, it was seen that there was a significant reduction in the anxiety levels of males and females and both were statistically significant [Table 1] and [Table 2].
Figure 3: Paired t-test comparing pre- and post-usage of the dental app.

Click here to view

Table 1: Difference in anxiety levels based on females

Click here to view
Table 2: Difference in anxiety levels based on males

Click here to view



  Discussion Top


The management of children's behavior is an integral component of pediatric dental practice. It is as fundamental to the successful treatment of children as are handpiece skills and knowledge of dental materials in dental practice and it is achieved through the application of various BMTs.[19] BMTs are a set of procedures aimed at enhancing the child's useful coping skills, achieve complete willing and acceptance of dental care, and ultimately reduce the child's perception that the dental situation is overwhelming or dangerous.[18] In other words, the techniques are employed by dental practitioners in attending a child dental patient so as to establish communication, alleviate fear and anxiety, facilitate delivery of quality dental care, build a trusting relationship between dentist, child, and parent, and promote the child's positive attitude toward oral/dental health and oral healthcare, thus coping with and willing to undertake dental treatment procedures.[20],[21],[22]

Preoperative anxiety (PA) is of utmost concern in pediatrics; 40%–60% of children undergoing surgical procedures experience high levels of PA.[23],[24] PA may have negative effects on children, such as higher postoperative pain, emergence delirium, uncooperative behavior, and higher doses of sedation or preoperative analgesia. Typical PA signs include increased muscle tone, sleep disturbances, a cessation of playing, agitation, and escape behavior.[25]

In children younger than 6 years, PA is expressed through the fear of separation from the mother and the terror of the unknown, while the fear of death and mutilation is prevalent in older children. One category of interventions effective in reducing PA is to provide preprocedure information to children in a manner that is appropriate for their developmental stages.[26]

To date, a wide variety of BMTs are available to dental practitioners, namely, tell-show-do, desensitization, modeling, positive reinforcement, voice control, distraction, parental presence/absence, restrain/protective stabilization, nonverbal communication, hand-over-mouth, sedation, and general anesthesia. Besides the techniques mentioned above, mobile phone technology offers an unprecedented opportunity to unobtrusively track day-to-day behavior and changes in emotional state, all in real time.[27] Mobile phone health tools also offer the potential of immediate response to the outcome of this monitoring through delivery of mental health information contingent on changes in real-time emotional state. This technology has not yet been fully leveraged for these purposes despite mobile phones being one of the few pieces of technology that most people carry on their person every day. This pervasiveness means that mobile phones offer a highly natural and regular means, by which information on emotional state could be obtained. They are also a cost-effective means of seeking help for mental health issues that may overcome socioeconomic and geographic boundaries.[28]

The natural evolution of computer-based applications is toward mobile apps that can be used on a smartphone. Smartphone-based mental health apps may include many of the benefits such as cost-effectiveness plus they are always online, almost always with the individual, and can collect location and other data through their integrated sensors. Many populations outside the West that would not otherwise own a computer are beginning to own smartphones. In China, for example, the proportion of users accessing the Internet with a mobile device by the end of 2013 surpassed those doing so with a PC. Text-based bibliotherapy can be readily translated to other languages,[29] providing the ability to introduce new populations to mental health services. However, according to a latest survey, the internet users in India 2016 was approximately 34.8%,[30] which is still pretty far from other developed or even developing countries. So the challenge remains to spread the technology equally and efficiently. Another short coming of the mobile applications are that they are available mostly available in English and hence a big chunk of population is not able to use these applications because of the language barrier.[31] There is a need to promote small scale developers and entrepreneurs so more and more applications can be developed in regional languages as a result of which a larger spectrum of population can be benefitted.


  Conclusion Top


The mobile dental app was found to be very useful in the dental setup to reduce the fear and anxiety of the pediatric patients. Therefore, we can conclude that within the limitations, mobile dental apps can be used as an adjunct with the conventional BMTs.

Declaration of patient consent

The authors certify that they have obtained all appropriate patient consent forms. In the form the patient(s) has/have given his/her/their consent for his/her/their images and other clinical information to be reported in the journal. The patients understand that their names and initials will not be published and due efforts will be made to conceal their identity, but anonymity cannot be guaranteed.

Financial support and sponsorship

Nil.

Conflicts of interest

There are no conflicts of interest.

 
  References Top

1.
Graziano AM, DeGiovanni IS, Garcia KA. Behavioral treatment of children's fears: A review. Psychol Bull 1979;86:804-30.  Back to cited text no. 1
    
2.
Locker D, Thomson WM, Poulton R. Onset of and patterns of change in dental anxiety in adolescence and early adulthood: A birth cohort study. Community Dent Health 2001;18:99-104.  Back to cited text no. 2
    
3.
Wright GZ, Stigers JI. Non-pharmacologic management of children's behaviors. In: Dean JA, Avery DR, McDonald RE, editors. Dentistry for the Child and Adolescence. 9th ed.. St. Louis: CV Mosby Co.; 2011. p. 30.  Back to cited text no. 3
    
4.
Townsend JA. Behaviour guidance of the paediatric dental patient. In: Casa Massimo PS, Fields HW, McTigue DJ, Nowak AJ, editors. Paediatric Dentistry: Infancy through Adolescence. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders; 2013. p. 358.  Back to cited text no. 4
    
5.
Melamed BG, Siegel LJ. Reduction of anxiety in children facing hospitalization and surgery by use of filmed modeling. J Consult Clin Psychol 1975;43:511-21.  Back to cited text no. 5
    
6.
Peterson L, Schultheis K, Ridley-Jonson R, Miller DJ, Tracy K. Comparison of three modeling procedures on the pre-surgical and post surgical reaction of children. Behav Ther 1984;15:197-203.  Back to cited text no. 6
    
7.
Krouse HJ. Video modelling to educate patients. J Adv Nurs 2001;33:748-57.  Back to cited text no. 7
    
8.
Stokes TF, Kennedy SH. Reducing child uncooperative behavior during dental treatment through modeling and reinforcement. J Appl Behav Anal 1980;13:41-9.  Back to cited text no. 8
    
9.
Farhat-McHayleh N, Harfouche A, Souaid P. Techniques for managing behaviour in pediatric dentistry: Comparative study of live modelling and tell-show-do based on children's heart rates during treatment. J Can Dent Assoc 2009;75:283.  Back to cited text no. 9
    
10.
Howard KE, Freeman R. An evaluation of the PALS after treatment modelling intervention to reduce dental anxiety in child dental patients. Int J Paediatr Dent 2009;19:233-42.  Back to cited text no. 10
    
11.
Machen JB, Johnson R. Desensitization, model learning, and the dental behavior of children. J Dent Res 1974;53:83-7.  Back to cited text no. 11
    
12.
Melamed BG, Hawes RR, Heiby E, Glick J. Use of filmed modeling to reduce uncooperative behavior of children during dental treatment. J Dent Res 1975;54:797-801.  Back to cited text no. 12
    
13.
Fields H, Pinkham J. Videotape modeling of the child dental patient. J Dent Res 1976;55:958-63.  Back to cited text no. 13
    
14.
Melamed BG, Yurcheson R, Flees EL, Hutcherson S, Hawes R. Effects of film modelling on reduction of anxiety-related behaviours in individuals varying in level of previous experience in the stress situation. J Consult Clin Psychol 1978;46:1357-67.  Back to cited text no. 14
    
15.
Rouleau J, Ladouceur R, Dufour L. Pre-exposure to the first dental treatment. J Dent Res 1981;60:30-4.  Back to cited text no. 15
    
16.
Klingman A, Melamed BG, Cuthbert MI, Hermecz DA. Effects of participant modeling on information acquisition and skill utilization. J Consult Clin Psychol 1984;52:414-22.  Back to cited text no. 16
    
17.
Yahaya WA, Salam SN. Usability Design Strategies for Children: Developing Children Learning and Knowledge in Decreasing Children Dental Anxiety. Proceedings of the International Conference on Primary Education, Hong Kong; 2009. p. 25-7.  Back to cited text no. 17
    
18.
Viechtbauer W, Smits L, Kotz D, Budé L, Spigt M, Serroyen J, et al. A simple formula for the calculation of sample size in pilot studies. J Clin Epidemiol 2015;68:1375-9.  Back to cited text no. 18
    
19.
Roberts JF, Curzon ME, Koch G, Martens LC. Review: Behaviour management techniques in paediatric dentistry. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent 2010;11:166-74.  Back to cited text no. 19
    
20.
Pinkham JR. Behavioral themes in dentistry for children: 1968-1990. ASDC J Dent Child 1990;57:38-45.  Back to cited text no. 20
    
21.
Oliver K, Manton DJ. Contemporary behavior management techniques in clinical pediatric dentistry: Out with the old and in with the new? J Dent Child (Chic) 2015;82:22-8.  Back to cited text no. 21
    
22.
Crossley ML, Joshi G. An investigation of paediatric dentists' attitudes towards parental accompaniment and behavioural management techniques in the UK. Br Dent J 2002;192:517-21.  Back to cited text no. 22
    
23.
American Academy on Pediatric Dentistry Clinical Affairs Committee-Behavior Management Subcommittee; American Academy on Pediatric Dentistry Council on Clinical Affairs. Guideline on behavior guidance for the pediatric dental patient. Pediatr Dent 2015;30 7 Suppl: 125-33.  Back to cited text no. 23
    
24.
Wollin SR, Plummer JL, Owen H, Hawkins RM, Materazzo F. Predictors of preoperative anxiety in children. Anaesth Intensive Care 2003;31:69-74.  Back to cited text no. 24
    
25.
Kain ZN, Mayes LC, Caldwell-Andrews AA, Karas DE, McClain BC. Preoperative anxiety, postoperative pain, and behavioral recovery in young children undergoing surgery. Pediatrics 2006;118:651-8.  Back to cited text no. 25
    
26.
Chieng YJ, Chan WC, Liam JL, Klainin-Yobas P, Wang W, He HG. Exploring influencing factors of postoperative pain in school-age children undergoing elective surgery. J Spec Pediatr Nurs 2013;18:243-52.  Back to cited text no. 26
    
27.
Kain ZN, Caldwell-Andrews AA, Maranets I, McClain B, Gaal D, Mayes LC, et al. Preoperative anxiety and emergence delirium and postoperative maladaptive behaviors. Anesth Analg 2004;99:1648-54.  Back to cited text no. 27
    
28.
Kim JE, Jo BY, Oh HM, Choi HS, Lee Y. High anxiety, young age and long waits increase the need for preoperative sedatives in children. J Int Med Res 2012;40:1381-9.  Back to cited text no. 28
    
29.
Litke J, Pikulska A, Wegner T. Management of perioperative stress in children and parents. Part I – The preoperative period. Anaesthesiol Intensive Ther 2012;44:165-9.  Back to cited text no. 29
    
30.
Musselman RJ, Dummett Co Jr. Hospitalization and general anesthesia for behavior control. In: Ripa LW, Barenie JT (eds). Management of Dental Behavior in children. Littleton: PSG Publishing, 1979. p. 205-8.  Back to cited text no. 30
    
31.
Randall WM, Rickard RS. Development and trial of a mobile experience sampling Method (m-ESM) for personal music listening. Music Perception: An Interdisciplinary J 2013;31:157-70.  Back to cited text no. 31
    


    Figures

  [Figure 1], [Figure 2], [Figure 3]
 
 
    Tables

  [Table 1], [Table 2]


This article has been cited by
1 Effectiveness of Nonpharmacological Behavioural Interventions in Managing Dental Fear and Anxiety among Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Sarrah S. F. S. Almarzouq, Helene Chua, Cynthia K. Y. Yiu, Phoebe P. Y. Lam
Healthcare. 2024; 12(5): 537
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
2 Modern Approaches to Providing Telematics Oral Health Services in Pediatric Dentistry: A Narrative Review
Massimo Pisano, Alessia Bramanti, Dardo Menditti, Giuseppe Sangiovanni, Rossella Santoro, Alessandra Amato
Applied Sciences. 2023; 13(14): 8331
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
3 Comparative evaluation of Tell-Show-Do technique and its modifications in managing anxious pediatric dental patients among 4–8 years of age
Priyanka Sunil Lekhwani, Anant Gopal Nigam, Nikhil Marwah, Shradha Jain
Journal of Indian Society of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry. 2023; 41(2): 141
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
4 Evaluating anxiety levels and pain perception while administering local anesthesia using conventional, insulin, and deception syringes in 6-12-year-olds
Neha Kohli, Shivayogi M Hugar, Vidyavathi H Patil, Nivedita Saxena, Krishna S Kadam, Sanika Karmarkar
Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine. 2022; 22(3): 197
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
5 Comparative evaluation of the effectiveness of two innovative methods in the management of anxiety in a dental office: a randomized controlled trial
Jay Panchal, Anup Panda, Krishna Trivedi, Deepika Chari, Rushita Shah, Binny Parmar
Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine. 2022; 22(4): 295
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
6 Effect of the Tiny Dentist game on 4-10 years old children’s anxiety compared with Tell-Show-Do method: A clinical trial
Tahersoltani Amirreza, Heidari Alireza, Ghadimi Sara, Shamshiri Ahmad Reza
Journal of Dental Problems and Solutions. 2021; : 034
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
7 Comparative Evaluation of Effectiveness of Tell-Play-Do, Film Modeling and Use of Smartphone Dental Application in the Management of Child Behavior
B Sandhyarani,Mital V Kevadia,Anil T Patil,Sachin A Gunda
International Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry. 2021; 13(6): 682
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
8 Contemporary Behavior Guidance Techniques to Outsmart Child\æs Anxious Mind
Bhavna G Saraf,Neha Sheoran,Gauri Kalra,Disha Kapil,Siji Elizabeth
Journal of South Asian Association of Pediatric Dentistry. 2021; 4(1): 41
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
9 Teledentistry and its applications in paediatric dentistry: A literature review
Harshita Sharma,Baranya Shrikrishna Suprabha,Arathi Rao
Pediatric Dental Journal. 2021;
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
10 Effectiveness of mHealth–Safe Kids Hospital for the prevention of hospitalized children safety incidents: A randomized controlled trial
Il Tae Park,Won-Oak Oh,Gwang-Cheon Jang,Jihee Han
Journal of Nursing Scholarship. 2021;
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
11 The Efficacy of Little Lovely Dentist, Dental Song, and Tell-Show-Do Techniques in Alleviating Dental Anxiety in Paediatric Patients: A Clinical Trial
Hira Abbasi,Muhammad Saqib,Rizwan Jouhar,Abhishek Lal,Naseer Ahmed,Muhammad Adeel Ahmed,Mohammad Khursheed Alam,Jes s L pez Herce
BioMed Research International. 2021; 2021: 1
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
12 Comparison of three behavior modification techniques for management of anxious children aged 4–8 years
Sreeraksha Radhakrishna,Ila Srinivasan,Jyothsna V Setty,Murali Krishna D R,Anjana Melwani,Kuthpady Manasa Hegde
Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine. 2019; 19(1): 29
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
13 Comparative evaluation of the effectiveness of a mobile app (Little Lovely Dentist) and the tell-show-do technique in the management of dental anxiety and fear: a randomized controlled trial
Sainath Reddy Elicherla,Sujatha Bandi,Sivakumar Nuvvula,Rama subbareddy Challa,Kanamarlapudi Venkata Saikiran,Vaka Jeevan Priyanka
Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine. 2019; 19(6): 369
[Pubmed] | [DOI]



 

Top
 
 
  Search
 
Similar in PUBMED
   Search Pubmed for
   Search in Google Scholar for
 Related articles
Access Statistics
Email Alert *
Add to My List *
* Registration required (free)

 
  In this article
Abstract
Introduction
Materials and Me...
Results
Discussion
Conclusion
References
Article Figures
Article Tables

 Article Access Statistics
    Viewed14446    
    Printed763    
    Emailed0    
    PDF Downloaded1472    
    Comments [Add]    
    Cited by others 13    

Recommend this journal


[TAG2]
[TAG3]
[TAG4]